A Way Beyond Failed S&T Policies

The article reviews how national institutions have failed to present a
viable vision for the country's S&T sector. Conscientious professionals
need to propound their ideas and reach out to the public. An increased
role of expat. Pakistanis is suggested.


Among teachers and science and technology workers, the nonchalant
attitude of successive governments to knowledge acquisition and
science and technology (S&T) is an accepted fact. The apathy is
evident in the quality of the ministerial and top bureaucratic
appointments in these areas. It is easy to fault the government,
but what have these grudging workers done themselves? Haven't
they generally failed to provide innovative, practical ideas
suitable for implementation, and lacked a commitment to engender
a local change, well within their own domains? Blaming the
government, instead of taking a personal initiative is where
things invariably end.

Public institutions have crumbled partly due to lack of funds; an
important reason for their decline has been their listless,
insipid leadership and workers, and the overall lack of internal
and external monitoring, evaluation and accountability. These
includes premier institutions such as PAEC, Kahuta Labs, PCSIR
and the military.

With external pressure to reduce public expenditure, non-
productive jobs are being reduced through golden handshakes. The
fear is that many of the relatively useful workers will take the
lucrative offer and depart, leaving their incompetent colleagues
behind in their old jobs.

The hastily formulated down-sizing scheme, like the successive
education and S&T policies will fail to give new life to these
institutions. Only a thorough analysis of the causes of past
failures, their rectification through a swift accountability
process, the formulation of realistic policy for the future
bolstered by a new political will and the consensus of the major
political parties, can lead to success. Massive down-sizing,
long overdue, will no doubt be essential, but it cannot be an end
in itself.

The four examples below from different periods illustrate the
failure to plan judiciously. There is a myth going around,
perhaps propagated by the friends of our planners, that they make
wonderful strategies, and it is only the implementation that lets
us down. Hopefully these facts will put paid to these delusions.

S&T Scholarship Programme

When Mr Mahbub-ul Haq held sway in the 1980s, he instituted a
plan for overseas training in S&T. Many hundreds of students
were sent abroad and an estimated 40-60 % have returned home. It
is not clear, though, how many are using the skills they learnt
overseas.

Very broad general subject areas were defined and an eligible
student who obtained admission in a foreign university department
usually got a government S&T scholarship. National institutions
which promised to employ these person after their training,
reneged when the time came, according to Dr M.D. Shami, former
head of the Pakistan Science Foundation.

Such top-down development instruments, not backed by proper
planning and wise implementation are bound to fail. Without
sufficient guidance and focus provided by the government or the
national institutions, which were supposed to employ them on
their return, these students sought the easy way out generally.
They became glorified slaves to their Ph.D. supervisors, working
in areas with little or no relevance to their possible employment
at home.

A sandwich programme, with joint supervision of the institution
in Pakistan and the foreign thesis advisor was essential for
success. A well defined thesis project with a component of it to
be carried out in Pakistan, extensive course work (as required in
US universities), and significant input and monitoring by the
home institution, should have been essential components of this
plan. Had this programme been monitored and evaluated
continually by a body independent of the Ministry of S&T many of
its short-comings could have been corrected.

Wishful thinking that often accompanies the attitude of throwing
money at a problem, marred this otherwise excellent basic idea.
The bureaucrats in the Ministry of Science and Technology and the
leaders of R&D organizations just lacked the managerial and
intellectual capability to supervise such a large scheme.

PM's High Level Commission for S&T

This commission was supported by the World Bank but used national
experts. It recommended the formation of a small standing
committee of distinguished experts to advise the PM directly.
Above all it asked for a political commitment for S&T.
Most of the top bureaucrats and heads of S&T organizations, who
formed part of this commission, have a vested interest in
maintaining a system that has helped them personally. It is
naive to expect them to formulate a wide-ranging structural
reform. Some Commission members blatantly refused to permit
organizational reforms, particularly of those from which their
own organization received funds. The voices from the private
sectors in technical areas were welcome but their suggestions for
transforming institutions structurally were drowned in the din of
public sector representatives.

Although over 300 experts' views were solicited, and considerable
time and effort expended, this exercise in "democratic" decision-
making failed even at the policy formulation level resulting in
many watered-down recommendations and others which were arrived
at with undue haste. No inputs were sought from the Ministry of
Finance or from politicians. This fairly comprehensive report
did not get presented to any committee of parliament or senate.
Copies were however sent to leading members of the opposition
(now in power) and members of the interim government. The PML
government has not bothered to consider it. The fact is that it
was probably not even read by the last PM -- the person who
commissioned the report. It just died a quiet death, abetted to
an extent by the Ministry of S&T which perhaps felt left out.

Ninth Five-Year Plan

The mandate of this group was to give recommendations for S&T
programmes and their budget. The Eight Plan recommended an
expenditure of Rs 5 billion on S&T but by June 1998 it is
expected that only Rs 1.3 billion will be released by the
Ministry of Finance. This is only 0.01% of Pakistan's GNP, while
UNESCO recommend a minimum of 1%.

Apparently oblivious of the realities of the terrifying financial
straits of the country and the lack of political will, it
recommended Rs 60 billion for the next five years -- a twelve-
fold increase over the last plan. Yet another example of a
wishful thinking?

If this amount were to appear by some miracle, our institutions,
lacking adequate absorptive capacity, would only end up wasting
it. This is not to say that with genuine political will and a
new visionary leadership in S&T organizations willing to take
tough decisions based on well-discussed plans, the UNESCO target
cannot be achieved. But these are too many ifs! Under
prevailing conditions the proposed amount would be like giving a
totally dehydrated person a gallon of water instantaneously.
That would do more harm than good!

World Bank Higher Education Policy

In the late 1980s the government invited the World Bank to survey
the higher education scene in Pakistan and present a blue-print
for reform. Their excellent two volume report gave a
comprehensive reform plan which emphasized vocational training,
return to using merit for admission to universities and colleges
through the use of a national testing service, encouragement of
the private sector to contribute, and many such good ideas. It
was more than the government could swallow.

The Education Minister in the early 1990s, limped along with this
plan unable to push for it acceptance within the bureaucracy and
the government. Endless meetings in the University Grants
Commission with university official and staff failed too, mainly
because such a plan would have reduced the nuisance value of the
present controllers of these institutes of higher learning.
Even if the single very important recommendation from this plan,
the national testing scheme, was implemented in the private
sector, better students would be entering our universities and
colleges today.

If plans mean more than mere wish lists, they should take into
account the existing economical and political reality. Past and
current planners must therefore take the blame for spouting
unrealistic ideas that look attractive to the unwary. The
process of planning should actively involve implementers and
parliamentarians from all sides. This does not however mean
having extensive round-table meetings, which invariably waste
time. Instead, experts who formulate policy should regularly
brief the parliamentary committees, reach out to the public
through the media -- also directly -- and be open to the feedback
received.

The Plight of National Institutions

National S&T organizations have failed to present a practical
vision and lobbied successfully for its implementation. Take the
example of the Pakistan Academy of Science (PAS) which, unlike
the National Academy of Science in the US, has been totally
ineffective in propounding an appropriate S&T policy for the
country. Its lethargic membership, comprised mainly of senior
(retired) scientists and administrators has also failed to
develop a focal point for intellectual discourse on their
subject. This is no surprise. Its recent excessive expenditure
on totally transforming its office building, introduction of
garish decorations and building a hostel, smack of
ostentatiousness rather than a seriousness of purpose. A grant
of Rs 10 million from an unidentified source to the Academy could
help, but who will ensure that it too will not go towards
cosmetics?

The grand Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) building is next
door. Not as imposing as the new PM secretariat across the road,
it has a wide mandate and should be the government's main outfit
for popularization of science and a think tank like it
counterpart in the US, the National Science Foundation. It too
has not been markedly successful in these areas. It has however
done better than the nearby, non-descript Pakistan Council for
Science & Technology (PCST), which was set up as the main
advisory body on S&T policy for the government -- a role it has
never taken seriously. Mandated to monitor and evaluate the
statistics relevant to S&T in the country, it has failed, not
least because its staff lacks motivation and is inadequately
qualified for the task.

The government needs new, objective inputs -- different from what
it presently gets from most of the leaders of public S&T and
educational institutions. There are always a few outstanding
individuals in these places; they need to be identified and
encouraged to take an active role in matters of policy. In
addition, there is a vast resource of untapped Pakistani ex-
patriots who can be most useful. To date they have not been
tried, and their services could be tapped at little cost. Those
who prove their worth could be offered leadership positions (on
contract) in the S&T organizations after most of the current
incumbents are shown the exit door. Our S&T organizations need a
new culture which such individuals can bring.

The Way Forward

National institutions look grim, and short of a revolution there
seems little chance of progress. Is the future for S&T then
totally hopeless? No, but for a transformation one needs a new
"can-do" attitude among active scientists and technologists,
science NGOs of which there are very few, and the good science
writers. Until now they have looked at the government to become
more receptive to their concerns. Instead they now need to rely
on their own resources, however modest, to present an alternative
vision through whatever means available. This can mean taking
science to the people through talks at neighborhood schools, TV,
newspapers and their workplace. [Kerala, India, is a good
example of where such a strategy has being very successful.]

Scientists should not rely only on journalists to carry their message.
They will need to do this themselves. Scientists who are enthusiastic
about popularization, but are not good communicators, should try and
improve their skills. "A journalist cannot become a scientist, but a
scientist can become a popularizer of the subject through the media" says
Mr Laeeq Ahmed, the distinguished presenter of numerous TV science
programme on TV. With sharpened skills of persuasion, persons such as Mr
Laeeq, in league with prominent scientists, could get the government to
give a lot more time to dubbed foreign science TV programmes at all levels
-- from the popular to the British Open University courses. These are
excellent, easily available, and perhaps the British government could
finance the acquistion of such educational material.

Under the current electoral process, government representatives
will not be selected on the basis of the importance they give to
education and S&T -- at least not in the foreseeable future. If
this is agreed upon, then it is left to those privileged few with
access to knowledge to stop complaining. They should lobby the
parliament and, more importantly, reach out to the public. With
time, those who are won over will begin to be more discriminating
in casting their vote. Years of moaning has got scientists
nowhere -- it is now time for action!